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Ancient Kapisa
The first references to ancient Kapisa, or the present-day Bagram town of the Parwan Province of Afghanistan, appear in the writings of 5th-century BCE Indian scholar Achariya Pāṇini. Pāṇini refers to the city of Kapiśi, a city of the Kapisa kingdom.〔Ashtadhyayia Sutra IV.2.99.〕 Pāṇini also refers to ''Kapiśayana'',〔Sutra IV.2.29.〕 a famous wine from Kapisa.〔Dr S. Chattopadhyaya 1974: 58; India as Known to Pāṇini, 1953, p 71, Dr V. S. Aggarwala; Foreign Elements in Ancient Indian Society, 2nd Century BC to 7th Century AD, 1979, p 86, Dr Uma Prasad Thapliyal.〕 The city of Kapiśi also appeared as ''Kaviśiye'' on Graeco-Indian coins of Appolodotus/Eucratides.〔See: Notes on Indian coins and Seals, Part IV, E. J. Rapson in ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland'', 1905, p 784, (Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland).〕
Archeology discoveries in 1939 confirm that the city of Kapisa was an emporium for Kapiśayana wine, discovering numerous glass flasks, fish-shaped wine jars, and drinking cups typical of the wine trade of the era.〔''A Grammatical Dictionary of Sanskrit'' (Vedic): 700 Complete Reviews of the Best Books for ..., 1953, p 118, Dr Peggy Melcher, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala, Surya Kanta, Jacob Wackernagel, Arthur Anthony Macdonell.〕 The grapes (''Kapiśayani Draksha'') and wine (''Kapiśayani Madhu'') of the area are referred to by several works of ancient Indian literature.〔''Cultural History of Ancient India: A Socio-economic and Religio-cultural Survey of Kapisa and ...'', 1979, p 29, Jaya Goswami; India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī, 1953, 118, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala〕 The Mahabharata also noted the common practice of slavery in the city.〔''Mahabharata'' 2.48.7.; ''Tribes in the Mahabharata: A Socio-cultural Study'', 1987, pp 94,314, Krishna Chandra Mishra - ''Mahābhārata; Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata'': Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 44, Dr Moti Chandra - India〕
In later times, Kapisa seems to have been part of a kingdom ruled by a Buddhist Kshatriya king holding sway over ten neighboring states including Lampaka, Nagarahara, Gandhara and Banu, according to the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang who visited in 644 AD.〔Su-kao-seng-chaun, Chapter 2, (no. 1493); Kai-yuan-lu, chapter 7; Publications, 1904, p 122-123, published by Oriental Translation Fund (Editors Dr T. W. Rhys Davis, S. W. Bushel, London, Royal Asiatic Society).〕 Hiuen Tsang notes the Shen breed of horses from the area, and also notes the production of many types of cereals and fruits, as well as a scented root called Yu-kin.
==Equivalence to Sanskrit Kamboja==
Kapisa is related to and included Kafiristan. Scholar community holds that Kapisa is equivalent to Sanskrit Kamboja.〔''Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India, Edition 1993, p 121, Dr Sylvain Lévi, Dr Jules Bloch, Dr Jean Przyluski, Asian Educational Services.〕〔
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